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You cannot use the paranormal to prove the paranormal.
Simply put this is a circular argument that violates Scientific method
and gives your skeptics the bullet to shoot you with. Simply put, not
one single experiment in modern research has ever been able to conclusively
prove the psychical talents of these so-called mediums. Worse still, many
mediums appear to be in the field solely for the easily obtainable funding
they can accrue from fleecing an unwary and gullible public.
This is not only limited to the use of psychics and mediums but also includes
such things as electronic voice phenomena (EVP). EVP itself has not been
scientifically proven and therefore cannot be used to prove that a location
is haunted or has a ghost.
2. Investigator Bias
Too often ghost researchers are composed of people who classify themselves
as believers. This can contaminate the results of an investigation because
it violates the use of scientific method. The scientific method attempts
to minimize the influence of the scientist's bias on the outcome of an
experiment. That is, when testing a hypothesis or a theory, the scientist
may have a preference for one outcome or another, and it is important
that this preference not bias the results or their interpretation. The
most fundamental error is to mistake the hypothesis for an explanation
of a phenomenon, without performing experimental tests. Sometimes "common
sense" and "logic" tempt us into believing that no test
is needed.
The scientific method is based upon evidence rather than belief. This
distinguishes science from faith. A scientist is suitably skeptical of
anything but good evidence. That is not to say that scientists lack faith...it
is just that faith for them operates in a different sphere of their lives.
In scientific work there is little room for faith; in life there is plenty
of room for both. Scientific and critical thinking require that one reject
blind faith, authority, revelation, and subjective human feelings as a
basis for reliable belief and knowledge. These human cognitive methods
have their place in human life, but not as the foundation for reliable
knowledge.
This is why it is crucial that skeptical investigators are apart of your
team. Many people believe that skeptics are closed-minded and, once possessing
reliable knowledge, resist changing their minds. This simply is not true.
A skeptic holds beliefs tentatively, and is open to new evidence and rational
arguments about those beliefs. Skeptics are undogmatic, i.e., they are
willing to change their minds, but only in the face of new reliable evidence
or sound reasons that compel one to do so.
3. Understanding the proper use and limitations
of Equipment
There are several factors to consider about equipment used in your investigations.
One example is the type of EMF meters; it depends on what kind of meter
you are using and why you are using it. The majority of EMF meters out
there are designed to find AC (alternating current) electromagnetic fields.
AC fields will ALWAYS be manmade. Natural fields are DC. This is what
runs the human body's bioelectrical system, what causes lightning, and
what powers a ghost. You cannot detect a ghost with an AC field meter.
To even suggest that is preposterous to anyone who has even the slightest
knowledge of physics. However you can use them to eliminate manmade sources.
Even beyond that, the majority of EMF meters are only rated for between
50-60 Hz. This is because these are the frequencies that the electrical
grids in Europe and North America run at, and these meters were designed
to detect these specifically.
Another
consideration is the specifications of the equipment that you use. The
old saying, “You get what you pay for” comes into play here. If you use
EMF meters they need to be scientific grade to ensure that your readings
are accurate. For example, those white 3 led ELF Zone meters that sell
for $15 to $20 have an accuracy of 2%. This leaves a 98% chance that the
reading you’re obtaining is inaccurate. EMF meters of that have a high
degree of accuracy start in a cost range of $500 per meter and can go
as high as $8,000. These types of meters often require an annual calibration
by a certified individual and the certification date is marked on a sticker
placed on the instrument.
4.
Lack of a hypothesis
If you are going to prove the existence of ghosts you must have a hypothesis
that defines not only what a ghost is but what you are looking for and
why. If you’re searching for electromagnetic fields your hypotheses should
reflect why and what frequencies and power levels you are targeting. How
are apparitions formed? How do they move objects? All of these criteria
should be explainable in your hypothesis.
Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support
the hypothesis. Ideally, the researcher is open to the possibility that
the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. Sometimes, however, a researcher
may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
internal or external pressure to get a specific result. In that case,
there may be a psychological tendency to find "something wrong",
such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist's
expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations may not
be checked as carefully. The lesson is that all data must be handled in
the same way.
The scientific method requires that a hypothesis be ruled out or modified
if its predictions are clearly and repeatedly incompatible with experimental
tests. Further, no matter how elegant a theory is, its predictions must
agree with experimental results if we are to believe that it is a valid
description of nature. Experiments may test the theory directly (by observation
for example) or by testing for consequences derived from the theory using
mathematics and logic. The necessity of experiment also implies that a
theory must be testable. Theories which cannot be tested, because, for
instance, they have no observable ramifications (such as characteristics
that make it unobservable), do not qualify as scientific theories.
5. Impartially evaluating evidence
Many ghost hunters go into an investigation with an unchanging, dogmatic
idea that ghosts exist. During the course of an investigation, they will
interpret almost anything they find as evidence of an actual ghost. Electromagnetic
readings, cold spots or photographic anomalies all become additional ghostly
phenomena, but the ghost hunters never seriously consider other, more
earthly solutions. They start with the answer they want to reach before
they begin investigating.
What do exist are unexplained events that seem to have a paranormal origin.
These events can be investigated, and many times the causes can be determined.
Often, the ghosts are "busted" when the investigator discovers
that it was actually a poorly sealed window causing the cold draft, an
electromagnetic storm that caused that odd reading on their Trifield meter
or dust floating within the camera's inverted focal point that resulted
in a picture of an "orb".
In the case of moving objects or unexplainable sounds, an attempt should
be made to replicate the phenomena. Often they have a more earth bound
solution. A good paranormal investigator examines the evidence itself
and then tries to find out where that evidence leads.
6. The use of pseudoscience
A pseudoscience is an established body of knowledge which masquerades
as science in an attempt to claim a legitimacy which it would not otherwise
be able to achieve on its own terms; it is often known as fringe- or alternative
science. Ghost hunting has evolved very little since it was first established.
The small amount of research and experimentation that is carried out is
generally done more to justify the belief than to extend it. Ghost hunters
need to think "outside of the box". Obviously, the techniques
and ideology of the early ghost researchers is flawed. The search for
new knowledge is the driving force behind the evolution of any scientific
field. Nearly every new finding raises new questions that beg exploration.
There is little evidence of this in the pseudosciences.
Pseudoscientific concepts tend to be shaped by individual egos and personalities,
almost always by individuals who are not in contact with mainstream science.
They often invoke authority (a famous name or group for example) for support.
Pseudoscientific explanations tend to be vague and ambiguous, often invoking
scientific terms in dubious contexts. Phrases such as "energy vibrations"
or "subtle energy fields" may sound impressive, but they are
essentially meaningless.
7. Keep religion out of it.
Science and religion deal with different aspects of human existence, they
do not have to conflict with each other. Conflict arises when either subject
infringes on the other's domain. Religion should deal with moral and spiritual
issues; it should not make claims on physical laws or facts. Science should
deal with physical laws, not claim moral or ethical knowledge. Additionally,
religion represents a world view of sorts and just as there are many religions,
there are many different worldviews. The problem arises from the uncertainty
of which world view to use and the interpretation of that world view.
8. Lack of Scientific method
The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively
and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent
and non-arbitrary) representation of the world. Scientists use observations
and reasoning to propose tentative explanations for natural phenomena,
termed hypotheses. Predictions from these hypotheses are tested by various
different experiments. An important aspect of the hypothesis is that it
must be falsifiable, in other words, that it must be possible to prove
the hypothesis to be false. If a hypothesis is not falsifiable, it is
not a hypothesis, and is instead an opinion or statement not based upon
the scientific method.
Once a hypothesis is repeatedly verified experimentally, it is considered
a theory and new predictions are based upon it. Any erroneous predictions,
internal inconsistencies or lacunae, or unexplained phenomena initiate
the generation of new hypotheses, which are themselves tested, and so
on. Any hypothesis which is cogent enough to make predictions can be tested
in this way.
Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions
and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of
standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing
a theory. Remember that the burden of proof is on you. The new theory
should explain the existing data, provide new predictions and should be
testable; remember that all scientific theories are falsifiable. Read
the articles and improve your theory in the light of your new knowledge.
9. Lack of knowledge of applied sciences
Nearly as common in usage as photographic equipment, electromagnetic field
meters (or EMF detectors) have gained in popularity and utility in recent
decades. All EMF sensors are designed to do one thing: measure the strength
of electromagnetic fields in a given area. While they are invaluable tools,
it is an uncomfortable fact that most paranormal researchers do not understand
how to use these devices, or even what they are trying to prove by using
them. Most EMF meters simply are not capable of measuring the fields we
believe to be most likely associated with haunting activity. They were
designed to measure manmade electrical fields within certain frequencies.
Those frequencies almost always center on 50Hz to 60Hz, which are the
frequencies of the electrical grids in Europe and North America, respectively.
Some EMF meters can see further below 50Hz. A popular model is able to
measure between 5Hz to 60Hz. But while most ghost hunters can tell an
interviewer that it is important to register a wider range of EM frequencies,
they cannot answer why it is. In fact, the EMF sensors most ghost hunters
utilize are not even capable of registering a ghostly energetic field,
and what results they do get are almost always caused by manmade interference.
Understanding basic principles of electromagnetism are vital if you are
using equipment to locate electromagnetic fields. A knowledgeable person
can quickly determine an amateur or novice from someone that knows what
they are doing.
10. Removal of "Ghosts" (cleansing)
To remove a "ghost", you need two things;
An actual, verifiable ghost
A tested, proven method of getting rid of that ghost
The problem a real investigator runs into is that neither of those things
has ever been conclusively proven to exist. What do exist are unexplained
events that seem to have a paranormal origin. These events can be investigated,
and many times the causes can be determined. Scientific and critical thinking
require that one reject blind faith, authority, revelation, and subjective
human feelings as a basis for reliable belief and knowledge. These human
cognitive methods have their place in human life, but not as the foundation
for reliable knowledge.
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